Nickel is a versatile metal that is found in abundance in the earth’s crust and core. First discovered and isolated by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, a Swedish chemist and mineralogist, nickel exhibits several desirable properties that render it useful in industrial applications. For one, nickel is highly ductile and is valuable as an alloying element to alter the properties of other metals. For example, grades of stainless steel can be created by the addition of nickel to produce alloys that offer corrosion resistance and high-temperature endurance, making them ideal for uses in chemical plants where exposure to caustic substances may be expected.
This article will focus on reviewing the different types of nickel alloys that are commonly available. The alloy definition in the case of nickel alloys is one in which nickel is the primary element (i.e. has the highest concentration of all the metals in the alloy).
Properties of Nickel
Nickel, whose chemical symbol is Ni, has a silvery-white appearance and is a primordial element, with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. It is magnetic at room temperature and has a Curie temperature of 253oC (487oF). Table 1 below summarizes some of the other key physical properties and characteristics of nickel.
Table 1 – Characteristics and Properties of Nickel (Ni)
Caractéristique
Value
Atomic number
28
Atomic weight
58.69
Point de fusion
1453oC
Boiling Point
2730oC
Recyclable/Recoverable
Oui
Densité
8.90 g/cm3 @ 25oC
Curie Temperature
253oC
Sound transmissibility
4,900 m/s @ room temperature
Coefficient de dilatation thermique
13.4 μm/(m-oK)
Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
90.9 W/(m-oK)
Electrical Resistivity
69.3 nΩ-m @20oC
Young’s Modulus
200 GPa
Module de compression
180 GPa
Shear modulus
76 GPa
Poisson’s ratio
0.31
Mohs hardness
4.0
Dureté Vickers
638 MPa
Common Types of Nickel Alloys
Nickel will alloy easily with most metals such as copper, chromium, iron, and molybdenum. The addition of nickel to other metals alters the properties of the resulting alloy and can be used to produce desired characteristics such as improved corrosion or oxidation resistance, increased high-temperature performance, or lower coefficients of thermal expansion, for example.
The sections below present information about each of these types of nickel alloys.
Nickel-Iron Alloys
Nickel-iron alloys function in applications where the desired property is a low rate of thermal expansion. Invar 36®, also sold with trade names of Nilo 6® or Pernifer 6®, exhibits a coefficient of thermal expansion that is about 1/10 that of carbon steel. This high degree of dimensional stability renders nickel-iron alloys useful in applications such as precision measurement equipment or thermostat rods. Other nickel-iron alloys with even greater concentrations of nickel are used in applications where soft magnetic properties are important, such as transformers, inductors, or memory storage devices.
Nickel-Copper Alloys
Nickel-copper alloys are very resistant to corrosion by salt water or seawater and thus find application in marine applications. As an example, Monel 400®, also sold under the trade names Nickelvac® 400 or Nicorros® 400, can find application in marine piping systems, pump shafts, and seawater valves. This alloy as a minimum concentration of 63% nickel and 28-34% copper.
Nickel-Molybdenum Alloys
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Inconel 718® Nickel-Chromium-Iron Nicrofer® 5219, Alvac® 718, Haynes® 718, Altemp® 718
Inconel X750® Nickel-Chromium-Iron Haynes X750®, Pyromet® X750, Nickelvac®X750, Nicorros® 7016
Incoloy 800® Nickel-Chromium-Iron Ferrochronin® 800, Nickelvac® 800, Nicrofer® 3220
Incoloy 825® Nickel-Chromium-Iron Nickelvac® 825, Nicrofer 4241®
Hastelloy C22® Chromium-Molybdenum-Tungsten Inconel® 22, Nicrofer® 5621
Hastelloy C276® Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Nickelvac® HC-276, Inconel® 276, Nicrofer® 5716
Hastelloy B2® Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Nimofer® 6928
Hastelloy X® Nickel-Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum Nickelvac® HX, Nicrofer® 4722, Altemp® HX, Inconel® HX
Vascomax® C250 Nickel-Cobalt-Molybdenum Maraging C250™, Maraging 250™
Vascomax® 300 Nickel-Cobalt-Molybdenum Maraging 300, Maraging C300®, and Vascomax® C300
Vascomax® C350 Nickel-Cobalt-Steel Maraging C350™
Rene® 41 Nickel-Chromium
Multimet® N155 Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt
Waspaloy 25™ Nickel-Cobalt
Invar 36® Nickel-Iron Nilo 6®, Pernifer 6®
Invar 42® Nickel-Iron Nilo 42®
Résumé
This article provided a brief review of the more common types of nickel alloys and their uses. For information on other products.
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